Clinical Studies Utilising Infrared fabric with KYMIRA Technology

Peer-Reviewed and Published

A Preliminary Investigation of the Efficacy of Far-Infrared-Emitting Garments in Enhancing Objective and Subjective Recovery Following Resistance Exercise, Jonathon R. Lever, Cara Ocobock, Valerie Smith-Hale, Casey J. Metoyer, Alan Huebner, John P. Wagle and Johnathan D. Hauenstein. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 2025.

Key Findings:

The KYMIRA Infrared (FIR) garments led to highly significant improvements in neuromuscular recovery observed at 48 h post-exercise (p< 0.001). Notably, athletes showed significant improvements at 24 hours post exertion with new exertion performance outcomes significantly improved, (p<0.05), following recovery in KYMIRA Infrared.

Participants who wore the KYMIRA FIR garments reported feeling that they had recovered within 24–48h, whereas those who wore the placebo typically reported recovery taking longer than 48 h.

Effect of Celliant Armbands on Grip Strength in Subjects with Chronic Wrist and Elbow Pain: Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ian L. Gordon, Seth Casden and Michael R. Hamblin, 2021.

Key Findings:

Use of FIR armbands in those with chronic elbow and wrist pain improved grip strength 2x greater than the use of regular arm sleeve over 2 weeks. For the placebo group, the mean grip strength increased from47.95 +/- 25.14 (baseline) to 51.69  +/- 27.35 (final)​. The FIR group increased from 46.3 +/- 22.02 to 54.16 +/-25.97. ​ The mean increase over the two weeks was 7.8% for placebo and 16.8% for FIR (p = 0.0372). No adverse effects was observed.​

Infrared Radiation from Cage Bedding Moderates Rat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Djuretic, M Dimitrijevic, M Stojanovic, JK Stevuljevic, M.R Hamblin, R Stepanovic-Petrovic, G Leposavic, 2021.

Key Findings:

Exposure to FIR fibers decreases the production levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and increases production levels of anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory mediators.​ The appearance of the first signs of arthritis were delayed,while the disease was milder in +IRF compared with −IRF rats. ​

This correlated with a lower magnitude of serum IgG antibodylevels in +IRF rats, and lower production level of IL-17, the Th17signature cytokine, in cultures of their paws.​

Effect of Shirts with 42% Celliant® Fiber on tcPO2 Levels and Grip Strength in Healthy Subjects: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial, Dr. Ian Gordon, Dr. Mark Vangel and Dr. Michael R Hamblin, Journal of Textile Science and Engineering, 2019. 

Key Findings:

Using FIR garments improved grip strength by over 12% in the dominant hand after 90 minutes ((p=0.0002)​. Average transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) was significantly increased by between 5–8% (P<0.05). The mean transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) measured over two sites (biceps and abdomen) was significantly increased at 3 timepoints (30, 60, and 90 minutes) by between 5–8% (P<0.05) in FIR garments vs. placebo. ​

Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Fabric Shirts and Control Polyester Shirts on Transcutaneous PO2, Dr. Ian Gordon, James Wason, Dr. Lawrence Lavery, Dr. Michael R Hamblin and MS Thein, Journal of Textile Science and Engineering, 2018. 

Key Findings:

The transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen was 5.5% higher after 30 min and after 90minutes of wearing FIR garments were 6.7% higher than after 90 minutes control (p<0.0003). ​Independent of donning sequence, tcPO2 measurements 90minutes after wearing FIR garments were 6.7% higher than after 90 minutes wearing PET (p<0.0003). ​

When tcPO2 measurements were combined without reference to the sequence with which garments were worn, measurements under FIR garments garments were 5.5% higher at 30minutes and 6.7% higher at 90 minutes (p<0.05). ​

Apparel with Far Infrared Radiation for Decreasing an Athlete’s Oxygen Consumption During Submaximal Exercise, Dr. Jay Worobets, Dr. Darren Stefanyshyn and Emma Skolnik, Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 2015. 

Key Findings:

When cycling at lower intensities (< 4 mmol/L), subjects consume ~1.0% less oxygen in FIR apparel. On average, the subjects were in the < 2 mmol/L intervalfor 432s,  in the 2 - 4 mmol/L interval for 255s, and  in the 4 - 6mmol/L interval for 158s. ​

Effect of Optically Modified Polyethylene Terephthalate Fiber Socks on Chronic Foot Pain, Dr. Ian Gordon and Dr. Robyn York, BioMed Central Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2009. 

Key Findings:

Socks with optically modified PET (FIR garments) appear to have a beneficial impact on chronic foot pain. The differences between scores were significant (p < 0.05,Mann Whitney) in 6 of 9 questions for FIR garment subjects and in 4 of 9 questions for controls. ​

Technical Clinical Peer-Reviewed Studies of the Infrared Fabric Technology

Infrared Radioactive Properties and Thermal Modelling of Ceramic-Embedded Textile Fabrics, Exponent Inc and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, David M Anderson, John R Fessler, Matthew A Pooley, Scott Seidel, Michael R Hamblin, Haskell W Beckham, James F Brennan, 2017.

Key Findings:

The study presents spectroscopic data for engineered polyester fabric containing varying amounts of ceramic microparticles within the fibre core and report a spectrally-dependent shift in infrared reflectance, transmittance and absorptance. 

Engineered Emissivity of Textile Fabrics by the Inclusion of Ceramic Particles, Matthew A Pooley, David M Anderson, Haskell W Beckham, James F Brennan, 2016.

Key Findings:

The study demonstrates that the emissivity of polyester fabric can be engineered controllably via the inclusion ofceramic microparticles within the fabric fibers in the mid-infrared wavelength range (7.5-14 µm).

Far-Infrared Radioaction (FIR): It's Biological Effects and Medical Applications, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Fatma Vatansever and Michael R. Hamblin, 2012.​

Key Findings:

Fibres impregnated with FIR emitting ceramic nanoparticles and woven into fabrics, are being used as garments and wraps to generate FIR radiation and attain health benefits from its effects.

Pre-Publication Studies

An Investigation into the Efficacy of Infrared Emitting garments to Enhance Neuromuscular Recovery in Trained Athletes, Bond et al, 2026, Loughborough University.

Key Findings:

Bond et al. measured how participants recovered following exertion while wearing KYMIRA garments. Findings included:

- Higher HRV (heart rate variability) during 24–48 h recovery

- Higher mRSI values, indicating better neuromuscular readiness post‑exercise

- A faster return to pre‑exercise power and output levels

- Significantly improved delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Participants showed indications of:

- Lower metabolic stress

- Improved subjective recovery ratings

- Reduced perceived effort in subsequent sessions

The Effect of Infrared Radiation Emitting Garments on Acute Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses, Loughborough University, Jack Bond.

Key Findings:

In a double-blinded, RCT, this study found that mitochondrial and angiogenic signalling was significantly increased after High Intensity Interval Exercise when wearing KYMIRA’s FIR garments in exercise and for recovery.

Performance Results: Title TBC, Loughborough University, Jack Bond.

Results show the use of KYMIRA FIR fabrics led to significant improvement in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), counter movement jump (CMJ). Of note, MVIC and CMJ scores exceeded initial baseline testing including average power, peak explosive force, higher jump height, increased take-off power, improved eccentric load tolerance, showing a performance advantage.These outcomes suggest that KYMIRA infrared technology may enhance neuromuscular efficiency, allowing athletes to produce more force for longer before fatigue develops.

The aerobic respiratory system is seen to be activated quicker when wearing KYMIRA’s Bio-Responsive Infrared products. This leads to less fatiguing metabolites accruing in the muscles.​

Highly significant (P = 0.004) improvements in Total Work and Avg Power across a 15 minute bout of exercise to exhaustion. ​Max improvement noted was 8.7%.

Clinical Results

1.          Increased Nitric Oxide production
–  Increased Nitric Oxide is clinically shown to:

a.         Increase blood flow by vasodilation and microcirculation (Chen & Benardot,2023)

b.        Increase blood pressure (Chen & Benardot, 2023)

c.        Improve oxygen delivery to muscles (Chen & Benardot, 2023, VitaLibrary 2025)

d.        Reduce oxygen cost of exercise (VitaLibrary, 2025)

e.        Delays fatigue during exercise (VitaLibrary, 2025)

f.           Improve glucose tolerance and reduce insulin resistance (Chen & Benardot, 2023)

g.        Activate the pain reliving chemical pathway of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP). This process inhibits pain receptors similarly to taking an opioid medication.

h.        Improved mitochondrial function (SpringerLink, 2007).

i.          Increased angiogenesis (SpringerLink, 2026).

j.            Increase skeletal muscle signalling (Frontiers Physiology Review, 2024/5).

k.         Lower inflammation (Springer, 2024)

l.            Support neurotransmission in the brain (Bibb et al, 2025, Nuiruz et al, 2024, Kashiwagi et al, 2024, Poyton, 2011)

m.      Improve immune function (Barolet er al, 2024, Nature Research Intelligence, 2024, Systematic Review, Biomat Health, 2023, Springer, 2017)

n.        Accelerated wound healing and tissue repair (H.T.Weelan, 2001. Toyokawa et al. 2003. Vihersaari et al. 1974)

o.        Improved skin and tissue elasticity (Sugitani et al., 2001)

p.        Improved joint flexibility and mobility (Demura et al., 2002)

2.        Improved blood vessel vasodilation and blood flow (Gordon et al., 2018, 2019).

3.        Enhanced tissue transcutaneous oxygenation (Gordon et al., 2018, 2019).

4.        Reductions in Inflammation (Gale et al, 2006, Gordon & York, 2009, Djuretic et al, 2021):

a.        Reductions in inflammatory blood markers

b.        Increases in anti-inflammatory blood markers

c.        Reduced swelling

d.        Delayed clinical measurements of onset that meet medical diagnosis of issue

5.        Improved Athletic Performance –

a.        Increased total work output power during athletic exertionto exhaustion (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication).

b.        Increased average power during athletic exertion to exhaustion (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication).

c.        Increased maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)(Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication), which relates to:                                                                                                                         
- Stronger muscles, your ability to generate force without movement has increased.

- Better neuromuscular efficiency, your nervous system is activating muscle fibres more effectively.

- Enhanced stability and joint protection, important for dynamic movement abilities and injury prevention. 

d.        Increased counter movement jump (CMJ)(Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication), showing:

- Increased explosive strength and power

- Better neuromuscular coordination

- Enhanced elastic energy utilisation, your body stores and releases energy more efficiently together

e.        Acute Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses during exercise – significantly increased mitochondrial and angiogenic signalling (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication):

- Increased energy production in muscle cells, improved endurance and performance.

- Increased angiogenic signalling, means increased angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. More blood vessels mean more oxygen and nutrient delivery, improved active performance including endurance, improved waste removal and recovery. Contusive to long term performance adaption gains.

f.           Increased take-off velocity (Lever et al, 2025):

- Shows more explosive power

- Better neuromuscular efficiency, muscles fire faster and more efficiently

g.        Increased eccentric rate of force production (Lever et al, 2025).

- Shows better control and stability during high-speed movements

- Improvement in injury risk and this is protective of joints and tendons

h.        Increased jump height (Lever et al, 2025).

i.            Increased grip strength (Gordon et al, 2019, 2021):

- Noted in healthy individuals and those experiencing pain and inflammatory issues

j.            Reduced oxygen consumption during exertion (Worobets et al, 2015):

- Showing your muscles require less oxygen for energy. Meaning you can sustain activity longer.

- Enhanced endurance performance

k.         Quicker activated aerobic respiratory system and reduced fatiguing metabolites during exercise (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication):

- Showing the muscles start using oxygen efficiently sooner

- Reduced aerobic pathways

- Enhanced endurance performance

l.            Increased post exertion athletic performance measures following recovery in KYMIRA Infrared (Lever et al, 2025).

6.       Improved Athletic Recovery –

a.        Increased post exertion athletic performance measures following recovery in KYMIRA Infrared compared to placebo (Lever et al. 2025), including:

-  Countermovement Jump (CMJ)

- Take-off velocity

- Jump height

- Eccentric rates of force production, including restoration of explosive strength and neuromuscular efficiency

b.        Post athletic performance restoration acceleration (Lever et al, 2025).

- Objective improvements in performance metrics at 24 hours and 48 hours post exertion.

c.        Increased Mean Recovery Stress Index (mRSI) including heart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication):

- Better recovery biological state

- Reduced physiological stress

d.        Acute Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses during recovery - significantly increased mitochondrial and angiogenic signalling (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication).

- Increased angiogenic signalling, means increased angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. More blood vessels mean more oxygen and nutrient delivery, improved waste removal, repair, and recovery.
Contusive to long term performance adaption gains.

e.        Reduced fatiguing metabolites during exercise (Bond et al, 2026, pre-publication).

- Reduced aerobic pathway use, reduced fatiguing metabolites, greater endurance, leads to less biological recovery needs for the body. Indicates lower metabolic stress, indicating faster recovery and less biological strain.

f.           Reduced oxygen consumption during exertion (Worobets et al, 2015)

- Lower oxygen demand reduces the biological strain on the body, meaning reduced post-exertion recovery needs.

g.        Reduced Inflammation as above (Gale et al, 2006, Gordon & York, 2009, Djuretic et al, 2021).

h.        Increased tissue oxygenation for recovery and waste removal as above, supporting improved microdamage repair and waste removal that contributes to DOMS (Gordon et al, 2018, 2019).

White Papers & Unpublished Internal Research

The Test Report on the Impacts of Subject Socks with the Application of Celliant® Technical Fibers on Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure on a Man’s Foot, Dr. Li Shaojing, Wu Chuanhong, Gao Jian, Zhu Li and Wen Liwei, 2012. 

Transcutaneous Partial Pressure of Oxygen (tcPO2) as a Primary Endpoint to Assess the Efficacy of Celliant® as a Vasoactive Material, Dr. Ian Gordon and Dr. Michael
Coyle, 2012. 

Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial on the Effect of Optically Modified Polyethylene Terephthalate Fiber Mattress Covers on Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Chronic Back Pain, Dr. Marcel Hungs and Dr. Annabel Wang, 2010. 

Holofiber Study of Thirteen (13) Healthy Subjects for Tissue Oxygenation, Dr. Graham McClue, 2005. 

Improving Blood Flow with Holofiber in the Hands and Feet of High-Risk Diabetics, Dr. Lawrence Lavery, 2003. 

Wider Supporting Research

Peer Reviewed Clinical Trials - Infrared & Nitric Oxide

Mechanisms of Action for Infrared Light on Tissue Healing: Nitric Oxide Photorelease Excerpts, Barolet et al., multiple citations compiled.

Key Findings: Demonstrates photochemical NO release from porphyrin‑based precursors under NIR exposure, confirming direct NO liberation independent of NOS. Also highlights fibroblast stimulation at 633 nm and 904 nm, supporting tissue repair and immune modulation.

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS): The Tactful Diplomat in Tumour‑Driven Angiogenesis, Das, S.S., Das, M., & Pemmaraju, D.B. Enzyme‑Based Approaches in Cancer Healthcare Management, SpringerLink, 2026

Key Findings: Shows nitric oxide as a dual regulator of angiogenesis via NOS‑driven pathways, with low NO levels stimulating endothelial proliferation, migration, and vascular branching through cGMP‑dependent signalling. Provides mechanistic insight into how NO availability governs pro‑angiogenic responses, relevant to infrared‑driven NO release.

Nitric Oxide in Exercise Physiology: Past and Present Perspectives, Mueller, B.J., Roberts, M.D., Mobley, C.B., et al. Frontiers in Physiology, 2025

Key Findings: Review outlining NO’s role in skeletal muscle signalling, including modulation of contractile function, mitochondrial biogenesis, excitation–contraction coupling, redox signalling, glucose metabolism, and Ca²⁺‑handling pathways. Highlights NO‑dependent improvements in muscle performance and adaptive signalling—mechanisms relevant to NIR/FIR‑induced NO release.

Infrared Neuromodulation and Brain Connectivity: A Pilot MRI Study, Bibb, S.A., Yu, E.J., Molloy, M.F., LaRocco, J., Resnick, P., Reeves, K., Phan, K.L., Krishna, S., & Saygin, Z.M. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2025.

Key Findings: Pilot human study comparing infrared neuromodulation with TMS using pre/post MRI showed increased activation in somatomotor cortex and trending increases in left‑lateralized structural and functional connectivity following infrared stimulation. Supports nitric‑oxide–mediated improvements in neurovascular coupling and neurotransmission pathways implicated in PBM.

Photobiomodulation Therapy on Brain: Pioneering an Innovative Approach to Cognitive Dynamics, Nairuz, T., Cho, S., & Lee, J‑H. Cells, 2024.

Key Findings: Review demonstrating that red/NIR PBM enhances mitochondrial cytochrome‑c‑oxidase activity, facilitating NO‑linked improvements in ATP production, synaptogenesis, neuronal signaling, antioxidative and anti‑inflammatory regulation. Provides mechanistic justification for NO‑mediated enhancement of neurotransmission.

Differential Nitric Oxide Responses in Primary Cultured Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts to Visible and Near‑Infrared Light, Barolet, A.C., Magne, B., Barolet, D., & Germain, L. Antioxidants, 2024.

Key Findings: Blue, red, and NIR wavelengths significantly increased NO release in keratinocytes and fibroblasts; NIR produced 1.5× higher NO release vs red light in fibroblasts. Validates NO‑linked immune and vascular signalling as a direct photochemical effect.

Far‑Infrared Radiation Therapy and Its Effects on Health, Nature Research Intelligence, 2024.

Key Findings: FIR therapy shown to modulate nitric‑oxide–dependent pathways that regulate inflammation, vascular function, autophagy, and metabolic homeostasis. Highlights role of FIR‑driven NO production in immune and circulatory system regulation.

Therapeutic Potentials of Near‑Infrared II Photobiomodulation to Treat Cerebrovascular Diseases via Nitric Oxide Signalling, Kashiwagi, S., Yokomizo, S., Bragin, D., Perle, S., Kastanenka, K., Gerashchenko, D., & Atochin, D. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 2024.

Key Findings: NIR‑II PBM increases bioavailable nitric oxide, enhances cerebral blood flow, and improves stroke outcomes in preclinical models, with translational potential for NO‑driven neuroprotection in TBI, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological impairments.

Far‑Infrared Therapy for Cardiovascular, Autoimmune, and Chronic Health Problems: Systematic Review, Biomat Health, 2023.

Key Findings: FIR therapy increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and NO production, improving vascular and immune system performance. Shows clinical potential in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

Nitric Oxide and Human Performance: Clinical and Metabolic Benefits, Chen, J., & Benardot, D. SM Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2023.

Key Findings: Narrative review outlining nitric oxide’s roles in vasodilation, microcirculation, blood pressure regulation, glucose tolerance/insulin resistance, and exercise performance support. Provides mechanistic context for infrared‑driven NO availability and downstream cGMP signalling that underpins oxygen delivery and pain‑modulatory effects.

Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics (Book), (SpringerLink—edited volume), 2023.

Key Findings: Consolidates translational mechanisms whereby NO influences mitochondrial function, angiogenesis, and skeletal muscle signalling—mechanisms consistent with observed improvements in endurance, recovery, and tissue repair with infrared‑mediated NO pathways. Useful as an authoritative background source complementing garment trials.

Far‑Infrared (8–14 µm) Lamp Therapy and Recovery After Eccentric Exercise (Human Trials), Chen T.C., Huang Y‑C., Chou T‑Y., Hsu S‑T., Chen M‑Y., Nosaka K. European Journal of Sport Science, 2023.

Key Findings:

In two RCTs (elbow flexors, knee flexors), repeated FIR (8–14 µm) exposures post‑exercise improved MVC torque, muscle soreness, and proprioception vs sham—adds contemporary human evidence for infrared‑mediated recovery pathways relevant to KYMIRA garments.

Physical Therapy Interventions for DOMS: Systematic Review & Meta‑Analysis
Nahon R.L., Lopes J.S.S., Magalhães Neto A.M. Physical Therapy in Sport, 2021.

Key Findings:

Across 121 studies, phototherapy (among several modalities) showed beneficial effects on DOMS‑related pain compared with control—supports KYMIRA’s overnight recovery and post‑exercise soreness reduction positioning.

Mechanisms of Low‑Level Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation): Foundational Review
Michael R. Hamblin. Photobiology.info (peer‑reviewed educational review), 2017–2018; plus PBM journal editorial (2018).

Key Findings:

Summarizes PBM mechanisms: NIR absorption by cytochrome c oxidase, increased ATP, modulation of ROS/Ca²⁺/NO, activation of transcription factors, leading to cell proliferation/migration, reduced pain/inflammation, improved tissue oxygenation—mechanistic backbone for KYMIRA’s infrared benefits in performance, recovery, and pain relief.

Low‑Level Light Therapy: Photobiomodulation (Tutorial Text—Mechanistic Compendium), Hamblin M.R., Ferraresi C., Huang Y‑Y., Freitas L.F., Carroll J.D. SPIE Tutorial Text, 2018.

Key Findings:

Authoritative compendium on PBM chromophores (including cytochrome c oxidase), dose/parameters, and tissue mechanisms (muscle, nerves, wounds). Useful to underpin KYMIRA’s NO/mitochondrial/angiogenic mechanistic narratives and protocol design.

The Function of Nitric Oxide in the Immune System, Bogdan, C. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer, 2017.

Key Findings: Authoritative immunology review establishing NO as a central regulator of macrophage activation, antimicrobial defense, cytokine synthesis, lymphocyte proliferation, and inflammatory control. Provides mechanistic foundation for NO‑mediated immune enhancement relevant to PBM.

Photobiomodulation in Human Muscle Tissue: An Advantage in Sports Performance? (Review), Cleber Ferraresi, Ying‑Ying Huang, Michael R. Hamblin. Journal of Biophotonics, 2016.

Key Findings:

Review of 46 clinical studies (n=1,045) concludes red/near‑infrared (NIR) light improves muscle performance, increases fatigue resistance, enhances recovery (lower CK, reduced DOMS), and supports pre‑conditioning benefits when applied before exercise. Mechanisms include mitochondrial activation (cytochrome c oxidase), ATP upregulation, and modulation of inflammation/oxidative stress.

Effect of Phototherapy (LLLT/LEDT) on Exercise Performance and Recovery: Systematic Review & Meta‑Analysis
Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal‑Junior, Adriane Aver Vanin, Eduardo Foschini Miranda, Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho, Simone Dal Corso, Jan Magnus Bjordal. Lasers in Medical Science, 2015 (Published online 2013).

Key Findings:

Across 13 RCTs (acceptable quality, PEDro ≥6/10), pre‑exercise red/NIR phototherapy significantly increased time to exhaustion (+4.12 s; p<0.005) and number of repetitions (+5.47; p<0.0006), with consistent benefits in performance and positive trends in biochemical recovery markers. Optimal ranges: 50–200 mW power, 5–6 J per point.

Recovery After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise inElite Soccer Players Using VEINOPLUS SportTechnology for Blood-Flow Stimulation, Francois Bieuzen, Herve Pournot, Remy Roulland, Christophe Hausswirth, Journal of Athletic Training, 2012. 

Therapeutic Photobiomodulation: Nitric Oxide and a Novel Function of Cytochrome c Oxidase, Poyton, R.O., & Ball, K.A. Discovery Medicine, 2011.

Key Findings: Foundational review showing that cytochrome‑c‑oxidase functions as a light‑activated nitrite reductase, generating nitric oxide under red/NIR irradiation. Establishes core molecular mechanism linking PBM to neurotransmission, vasodilation, and cellular signaling.

LLLT Improves Muscle Endurance and Recovery Biomarkers (Randomized Crossover, Double‑Blind, Placebo‑Controlled), Leal‑Junior E.C.P., Lopes‑Martins R.A.B., Frigo L., De Marchi T., Rossi R.P., et al. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2010.

Key Findings:

Pre‑exercise 810 nm LLLT (60 J total, biceps) increased endurance (repetitions +14.5%; p=0.037), time to exhaustion (+8.0%; p=0.034), and reduced post‑exercise blood lactate, creatine kinase, and C‑reactive protein, demonstrating ergogenic and recovery‑accelerating effects.

Low‑Level Laser Therapy Before Eccentric Exercise Reduces Muscle Damage Markers (Human Trial), Baroni B.M., Leal‑Junior E.C.P., De Marchi T., et al. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010.

Key Findings:

Pre‑exercise LLLT significantly attenuated muscle damage markers after eccentric exercise, supporting DOMS reduction and improved functional recovery—consistent with KYMIRA’s wear‑to‑recover approach. (Study widely indexed in scholar databases as LLLT before eccentric exercise reduces damage markers.)

Nitric Oxide in Regulation of Mitochondrial Function, Respiration, and Glycolysis, Bolaños, J.P., & Almeida, A. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, SpringerLink, 2007

Key Findings: Comprehensive reference work detailing nitric oxide’s regulatory effects on mitochondrial respiration, including reversible inhibition of cytochrome‑c‑oxidase, modulation of electron transport efficiency, and NO‑dependent shifts in glycolysis and TCA flux. Demonstrates NO’s essential role in tuning mitochondrial energy metabolism, supporting cellular oxidative capacity and neuroenergetic signaling.

Infrared therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized, controlled trial, George D Gale, Peter J Rothbart, Ye Li2, Pain Research & Management, 2006. 

Promotive Effects of Far-Infrared Ray on Full-Thickness Skin Wound Healing in Rats, Hideyoshi Toyokawa, Yoichi Matsui, Junya Uhara, Hideto Tsuchiya, Shigeru Teshima, Hideki Nakanishi, A-Hon Kwon, Yoshihiko Azuma, Tetsuo Nagaoka, Takafumi Ogawa, Yasuo Kamiyama, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003. 

Effect of linear polarised near-infrared light irradiation on flexibility of shoulder and ankle joints, Demura, Yamajf, Ikemoto, Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical
Fitness, 2002. 

Effect of Light-emitting Diode Irradiation on Wound Healing, Harry T. Whelan, Robert L. Smits, Ellen V. Buchman, Noel T. Whelan, Scott G. Turner, Journal of Clinical
Laser Medicine and Surgery, The NASA light-emitting diode medical
program-progress in space flight and terrestrial applications, 2001. 

Key Findings:

Near‑infrared LED therapy accelerated wound healing and tissue repair, with reported +140–210% increases in cellular growth/repair in certain models—supporting KYMIRA’s claims on growth/repair acceleration with appropriate infrared wavelengths. (Also featured on KYMIRA’s Clinical Studies page under Wider Supporting Research.

Nitric Oxide Stimulates Elastin Expression in Chick Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells, Sugitani, Wachi, Tajima, Seyama, Journal of Health Science, 2001. 

Nitric Oxide: A Novel Mediator of Inflammation, Clancy, Abramson, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1995. 

Nitric Oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3’:5’-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Arnold WP, Mittal CK, Katsuki S, Murad F. National Academy of Sciences, 1977.

Stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and Nitric Oxide in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azide and hydroxylamine. Katsuki S, Arnold W, Mittal C, Murad F. Journal of cyclic nucleotide research, 1977.

Effect of Changes in Inspired Oxygen Tension on Wound Metabolism, TIMO VIHERSAARI, JAAKKO KIVISAARI, JUHA NIINIKOSKI, U.S.Army European Research Office, 1974

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